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Published on:

April 10, 2025

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Analysis of Scope of Supply Under GST: Section 7 and Schedules I, II, III

When we talk about GST, everything starts with one basic thing — supply. Whether GST applies or not depends on whether there’s a supply as defined under Section 7 of the CGST Act. But it doesn’t stop there. To make things clearer, Schedules I, II, and III were added to explain which supplies are taxed even without payment, how to decide if something is a supply of goods or services, and which activities are completely out of GST's reach. In this blog, we’ll explore the scope of supply under GST clearly and simply that connects with real-life examples and practical use.

What is Supply Under GST?

In GST, the word "supply" means any kind of sale, transfer, exchange, or service provided by one person to another in return for something (usually money). It includes selling goods, providing services, bartering things, or even giving something for free in certain cases — if it fits the rules.

For GST to apply, these three things must be there:

1. There should be a person (seller or service provider).
2. There should be a supply (goods or services or both).
3. The supply should be made for a consideration (money or something in return), in the course or furtherance of business.
Example:
Let’s say Aman runs a small stationery shop. When she sells notebooks to customers, she is supplying goods. GST will be charged on that sale because it involves a business activity and money is received in return.

You Can Also Read: Understanding Mixed Supply & Composite Supply under GST

Section 7 of CGST Act: Legal Definition and Scope

Section 7 tells us what counts as a “supply” under GST law. It is the starting point to decide whether GST will apply to any transaction. Let’s break down each part of Section 7 in a simple and pointwise format:

Section 7(1): Basic definition of supply

It includes the following:

(a) All forms of supply of goods or services like sale, transfer, barter, exchange, license, rental, lease, or disposal made for consideration and in the course or furtherance of business.
Example: Selling mobile phones in a shop – it’s a supply made in the course of business.

(b) Import of services for consideration, whether for business or personal use.
Example: Hiring a foreign designer to create a personal wedding invitation – still counts as supply.

(c) Activities listed in Schedule I, even without consideration, will be treated as supply.
Example: A company gives machinery for free to its branch in another state – GST applies.

(d) Activities listed in Schedule II help determine whether a supply is of goods or services.

Section 7(1A): Clarification on classification

This section says that the activities listed in Schedule II are only for deciding whether something is a supply of goods or services — they don’t decide whether a supply exists or not.

Example: Renting out a commercial property? Schedule II tells you it’s a service.

Section 7(2): What is not considered supply

This section excludes certain things from GST:

(a) Activities listed in Schedule III are neither supply of goods nor services.
Example: Salary paid to employees or sale of land/building – GST does not apply.

(b) Any activity or transaction that the government notifies, which should not be treated as supply.

Schedule I: Supplies Without Consideration

Normally, GST is charged only when something is given in exchange for money or other value. But Schedule I lists a few special cases where GST is still charged even if no money is involved. These are considered "supplies without consideration."

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Why are these taxed? Because these supplies still create value or benefit for someone and are connected to business activities — so they fall under GST.

1. Permanent transfer or disposal of business assets

If you give away a business asset (like machinery) for free and you had claimed an input tax credit (ITC) on it earlier, GST will apply.
Example: A company gives an old office printer to a staff member for free. GST will be charged.

2. Supply between related persons or between distinct persons (branches in different states), made in the course of business

When goods/services are transferred between two branches of the same company located in different states, even without payment, GST applies.
Example: A Delhi branch sends office furniture to its Mumbai branch. GST is charged, even though it’s the same company.

3. Supply of goods by a principal to an agent or by an agent to a principal

If an agent supplies or receives goods on behalf of a principal, it is treated as a supply under GST.
Example: A wholesaler (principal) sends goods to a sales agent to sell in another city — GST applies at the time of sending.

4. Import services from a related person or any of your business establishments outside India, for business use

If you receive services from a foreign branch or a related person abroad, even without paying for it, GST is applicable.
Example: An Indian company gets free design support from its US branch for a project — GST is still charged.

Schedule II: Classification of Supply – Goods or Services?

Schedule II doesn’t tell us what is supply, but once it is confirmed that something is a supply under GST, Schedule II helps us decide whether it should be treated as a supply of goods or a supply of services.

Why classification matters:

1. GST rates can be different for goods and services.
2. Invoicing rules, place of supply, and input tax credit treatment may change depending on whether it’s goods or services.
3. For proper compliance, businesses must classify the transaction correctly.

Key Highlights of Schedule II:

1. Transfer of Title = Supply of Goods

If the ownership (title) of goods is transferred permanently, it's treated as a supply of goods.
Example: Selling a laptop to a customer — title and ownership both change hands.

2. Transfer of Right to Use = Supply of Services

If you give someone the right to use goods (but not full ownership), it is treated as a supply of services.
Example: Renting out a projector for a seminar — it’s a service, not a sale.

3. Lease, Tenancy, or Renting of Immovable Property = Supply of Services

Giving a property on rent or lease (for commercial or residential use) is treated as a supply of services.
Example: Renting out a shop to a business — it’s a service under GST.

4. Construction Services = Supply of Services

Construction of a building intended for sale, except when the entire amount is received after completion, is a supply of service.
Example: A builder sells a flat during construction — GST applies as a service.

5. Works Contract = Supply of Services

A works contract (a mix of goods and services like building a house) is always treated as a supply of services under GST.
Example: A contractor builds an office including materials and labor — it's a service.

6. Job Work = Supply of Services

Any process done on goods owned by someone else (job work) is treated as a service.
Example: A garment company sends fabric to a tailor for stitching — the tailor’s work is a service.

Schedule III: Activities Neither Supply of Goods Nor Services

Some activities are clearly not covered under GST at all. These are not treated as a supply of goods or services, so no GST is charged on them — even if they involve money or some kind of transaction. These activities are listed in Schedule III of the CGST Act.

What’s excluded from GST?

These are activities that:

1. Are outside the scope of GST.

2. Don't fit into the business model GST is designed for.

3. Involve purely personal or government-based functions.

Common Examples from Schedule III:

1. Services by an employee to the employer in the course of employment

Example: Your monthly salary from your job is not taxed under GST because it’s an employer-employee relationship governed by labor laws.

2. Services by a court or a tribunal

Example: If you file a case in court, the legal process is not treated as a supply — so no GST applies to court services or judgments.

3. Sale of land and sale of building (after completion certificate)

Example: Selling a plot of land or a ready-to-move-in house (after completion) is not taxed under GST.

(Note: GST applies only if you buy a flat under construction.)

4. Duties performed by MPs, MLAs, Panchayats, Municipalities, etc.

Example: A member of parliament attending a session or performing public duties is not considered to be supplying a service.

5. Funeral, burial, crematorium, or mortuary services

Example: Services related to funeral arrangements are completely excluded from GST.

6. Actions by a person as per laws (e.g., legal heirs, power of attorney)

Example: A legal heir distributing the property of a deceased person — this is not a supply under GST.

Comparison Table: Schedule I vs. II vs. III

Schedule	What if Explains	GST Applicable	Key Examples
Schedule I	Activities treated as supply even without consideration	Yes	Free transfer of business assets, supply to branches in other states, agent-principal supply.
Schedule II	Helps classify supply as goods or services	Yes (if supply exist)	Renting= service, sale= goods, job work= service
Schedule III	Activities not treated as supply	No	Salary sale of land, court service, burial services

Conclusion

At the heart of GST lies the concept of supply. Whether it’s a sale, a gift within the business, or even a service across borders, GST has a wide net that covers all kinds of transactions. Section 7 sets the base, and Schedules I, II, and III help us figure out what gets taxed, what doesn’t, and how to label it right — goods or services. Knowing these basics not only helps businesses stay compliant but also saves them from unwanted surprises during audits or filings.